Not long ago, Romania ranked among the lowest countries in Europe when it came to recycling efficiency. Only about 1.3% of materials used in production came from recycled sources, placing the nation at the bottom of Europe’s circular economy rankings.
Fast forward to today, and the country is gaining attention for a dramatic shift. A large-scale deposit return scheme (DRS) for beverage containers is helping Romania clean up its streets and recover valuable recyclable materials — proving that meaningful environmental change can happen quickly when the right system is in place.
A Nationwide Effort to Reduce Waste
The program is operated by RetuRO, a not-for-profit partnership created through collaboration between retailers, beverage producers, brewers, and Romania’s environmental authorities. The system launched in 2023 and has quickly become one of the largest centralized recycling programs in the world.
Under the scheme, customers pay a deposit of 0.50 Romanian leu (around £0.09) when purchasing drinks in bottles or cans. Once finished, they can return the empty containers to reverse vending machines located in stores and instantly receive their deposit back.
The system has had a visible impact. According to RetuRO CEO Gemma Webb, litter from drink containers has virtually disappeared in many areas.
“You go to Romania now, and you hardly see a bottle anywhere,” Webb said, describing the results as something many once thought impossible.
Recycling Made Convenient for Consumers
Beyond in-store return machines, the program has added another convenient option. Some supermarkets now collect empty containers during home delivery services, automatically crediting the deposit back to customers’ accounts.
Once collected, the containers are transported to sorting centers and sold to recycling companies. These firms then process the materials and sell them back to manufacturers, including major beverage brands such as PepsiCo and Heineken.
The goal is to create a true circular system, where bottles and cans are recycled into new containers rather than discarded or downcycled.
Building Trust Through Full Traceability
Recycling programs around the world have sometimes been criticized because waste is exported abroad and improperly handled. To avoid that issue, Romania’s program emphasizes strict transparency.
For every tonne of material sold to recyclers, RetuRO receives documentation confirming that the material has been properly recycled. The organization also conducts audits to verify compliance.
This traceability ensures that the collected materials actually return to the production cycle — a key step in building public trust in recycling systems.
Glass Included — Despite the Challenges
Many deposit systems avoid collecting glass due to the high transportation costs and logistical complexity. Romania’s approach is different.
The country’s scheme includes plastic, metal, and glass containers, making it more comprehensive than many similar programs.
And the public has embraced it.
Research shows that 90% of Romanians have used the deposit return system at least once, while 60% regularly return their containers for refunds.
Billions of Containers Already Recovered
The results have been remarkable in a relatively short time.
So far, the program has collected more than 8 billion beverage containers, including around 4.5 billion plastic bottles. In total, that represents over 500,000 tonnes of high-quality recyclable material returned to manufacturers.
While beverage containers account for only about 5% of Romania’s total waste, the initiative still represents a major step forward for the country’s recycling efforts.
Other Countries Are Watching Closely
Romania’s success has not gone unnoticed internationally. Governments in several countries — including Poland, Turkey, and Bulgaria — are exploring similar deposit return systems inspired by this model.
Meanwhile, the United Kingdom plans to introduce its own nationwide DRS in October next year. If implemented successfully, it could potentially become even larger than Romania’s program.
According to Webb, the Romanian system offers valuable lessons for any country trying to boost recycling rates and reduce litter.
The early results suggest one thing clearly: with the right incentives and infrastructure, recycling can move from a good intention to a widely adopted habit.
